Honesty: Lie and Personal Responsibility

Being Honest with Yourself Honesty is the best way to succeed in future endeavors, both in relationships and business. Though being honest can hurt others it is beneficial to succeeding in life. This is a personal responsibility any individual should have both in education and in everyday life. When it comes to being honest in school, plagiarism is one of the biggest lies a person could do.Plagiarism means â€Å"an act or instance of using or closely imitating the language and thoughts of another author without authorization and the representation of that author's work as one's own, as by not crediting the original author†(Dictionary. com,2013). Plagiarizing someone’s work is not being honest to the instructor, but most of all not being honest to your own work; it is not showing that you have that personal responsibility to the school work. Researchers have a personal responsibility to be honest on their work.Sometimes when the research is being conducted, the writer wi ll add other more honorary titles into that research; this is less than honest when it comes to a research. When the researchers add extra information that is not valid to the paper it starts to become a lie. In childhood a young child has that personal responsibility to be honest to their parents. If they were not honest with them, normally they would be disciplined for lying. While in school a child will learn how to be honest on their school work and to be honest with their peers.In both aspects they would need to show that they know what honesty is, and that they are responsible for proving that they truly understand what that honesty is. Sometimes when growing up and being taught that being honest is the way life should be and that the individual should always be honest. Honesty does have its time and place. â€Å"Do theses pants make my butt look fat†, for gentlemen this is an all-time question, tell the truth and let your wife know, yes those pants make you look fat, o r say honey no you look amazing in those pants.Some honesty could be a little too much for a woman already feeling insecure about her body. So the individual will tell a little white lie and things seem to continue to run smoothly throughout the day and night. Now if the person were a snitch, say for the FBI, this could be a deadly ordeal for that person. Tell the truth only to the FBI and take that chance of being caught by a gang of some sorts, and be killed for saying secret information. Then again if that snitch never gets caught, there might be an amazing award for that person.Going to another country or state might become their haven, and they can continue a normal and productive life. Some views on honesty are that a person is a snitch, or maybe they just do not know how to tell a lie. Either way, honesty is a personal responsibility that most would view as an important aspect to everyday life. Whether it is in school or in everyday life honesty is the best policy. References Sharma, B. , & Singh, V. (2011). Ethics in writing: Learning to stay away from plagiarism and scientific misconduct.Lung India, 28(2), 148-150. doi: http://dx. doi. org/10. 4103/0970- 2113. 80337 Steneck, N. H. (2011). The dilemma of the honest researcher. EMBO Reports, 12(8), 745-745. doi: http://dx. doi. org/10. 1038/embor. 2011. 134 Victoria Talwar, Angela M. Crossman, Children’s lies and their detection: Implications for child witness testimony, Developmental Review, Volume 32, Issue 4, December 2012, Pages 337-359, ISSN 0273-2297, 10. 1016/j. dr. 2012. 06. 004. (http://www. sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0273229712000251) Honesty: Lie and Personal Responsibility Being Honest with Yourself Honesty is the best way to succeed in future endeavors, both in relationships and business. Though being honest can hurt others it is beneficial to succeeding in life. This is a personal responsibility any individual should have both in education and in everyday life. When it comes to being honest in school, plagiarism is one of the biggest lies a person could do.Plagiarism means â€Å"an act or instance of using or closely imitating the language and thoughts of another author without authorization and the representation of that author's work as one's own, as by not crediting the original author†(Dictionary. com,2013). Plagiarizing someone’s work is not being honest to the instructor, but most of all not being honest to your own work; it is not showing that you have that personal responsibility to the school work. Researchers have a personal responsibility to be honest on their work.Sometimes when the research is being conducted, the writer wi ll add other more honorary titles into that research; this is less than honest when it comes to a research. When the researchers add extra information that is not valid to the paper it starts to become a lie. In childhood a young child has that personal responsibility to be honest to their parents. If they were not honest with them, normally they would be disciplined for lying. While in school a child will learn how to be honest on their school work and to be honest with their peers.In both aspects they would need to show that they know what honesty is, and that they are responsible for proving that they truly understand what that honesty is. Sometimes when growing up and being taught that being honest is the way life should be and that the individual should always be honest. Honesty does have its time and place. â€Å"Do theses pants make my butt look fat†, for gentlemen this is an all-time question, tell the truth and let your wife know, yes those pants make you look fat, o r say honey no you look amazing in those pants.Some honesty could be a little too much for a woman already feeling insecure about her body. So the individual will tell a little white lie and things seem to continue to run smoothly throughout the day and night. Now if the person were a snitch, say for the FBI, this could be a deadly ordeal for that person. Tell the truth only to the FBI and take that chance of being caught by a gang of some sorts, and be killed for saying secret information. Then again if that snitch never gets caught, there might be an amazing award for that person.Going to another country or state might become their haven, and they can continue a normal and productive life. Some views on honesty are that a person is a snitch, or maybe they just do not know how to tell a lie. Either way, honesty is a personal responsibility that most would view as an important aspect to everyday life. Whether it is in school or in everyday life honesty is the best policy. References Sharma, B. , & Singh, V. (2011). Ethics in writing: Learning to stay away from plagiarism and scientific misconduct.Lung India, 28(2), 148-150. doi: http://dx. doi. org/10. 4103/0970- 2113. 80337 Steneck, N. H. (2011). The dilemma of the honest researcher. EMBO Reports, 12(8), 745-745. doi: http://dx. doi. org/10. 1038/embor. 2011. 134 Victoria Talwar, Angela M. Crossman, Children’s lies and their detection: Implications for child witness testimony, Developmental Review, Volume 32, Issue 4, December 2012, Pages 337-359, ISSN 0273-2297, 10. 1016/j. dr. 2012. 06. 004. (http://www. sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0273229712000251)

Prevention of Teenage Pregnancy Policy in the UK

Introduction This essay will discuss the current policies in place to prevent teenage pregnancy in the United Kingdom. Firstly, it will introduce the key concept of teenage pregnancy and discuss it against the context of the problems it creates. The current teenage pregnancy policy will then be presented and critiqued. Finally, a number of recommendations and conclusion will be drawn. Definition and Background According to the World Health Organization (WHO), teenage pregnancy is defined as pregnancy in a woman aged 10 – 19, whilst Unicef (2008) define it as conception occurring in a woman aged 13 – 19 (Unicef, 2008). On the basis of this definition, Unicef calculated that the teenage pregnancy rate in the UK is the highest in Western Europe (Unicef, 2001), and aside from a slight decrease in the birth rate to teenage mothers during the 1970’s it has remained relatively constant since 1969 (DoH, 2003). In 1999, the Labour Government’s Social Exclusion Unit (SEU) presented its report to parliament acknowledging the scope and seriousness of the problem, particularly with reference to damage to the mother’s academic and career progression, and the health of the child. The National Teenage Pregnancy Strategy The SEU implored the Government to commit to reducing teenage conceptions by 50% by 2010, and to address the social exclusion of young mothers. To meet the first aim, the SEU championed improved sexual education, both inside and outside school and better access to contraceptives. To achieve the second, it recommended the implementation of multi-agency government programmes designed to provide support in housing, education and training. To implement the recommendations of the report, the Government set up the Teenage Pregnancy Unit (TPU), which was located in the Department of Health, but required local authorities (LA) to produce their own strategies to reduce teenage conception by 50% by 2010, with an interim target of 15% by 2004. The majority of prevention strategies focused on four key areas; the use of mass media to increase awareness of sexual health, sex and relationship education (SRE) in schools and community settings, easily available services and information on sexual health and better-quality support for young parents to drop social exclusion (DCFS 2009). In 2000, the Department for Children, Schools and Family (DCSF) issued directives to all schools to ensure that SRE in schools aimed to enable young people to make responsible and well-informed choices about their sexual lives and desist from risky behaviours which influence unintended pregnancy (DCSF 2009c). LA gave their strong backing to ensure incl usion of complete SRE programmes into personal and social education lessons in all schools (DfES 2006). The methods of administering SRE differed across LAs. For example, the services of sexual health specialists were stretched outside clinical environment to encompass schools and community settings. Programmes outside of the school environment were implemented to expose teenagers to the realities of parenting and the advantages of sensible sexual choices, and included Choose your Life, Body Tool Kit, Teens and Tots, and the Virtual Doll Plan. The varying needs of culturally diverse communities were measured, and programmes were tailored to meet them. In LA containing the most at-risk teenagers, advanced SRE plans involving parents, teachers, school nurses, teachers and vanguard staff were made. Southwark LA for example, sought to improve the information of young people on early gestations, direct them to making reliable choices and in turn decrease the rate of teenage pregnancies ((NHS Southwark 2007; Fullerton et al 1997). The actions taken were in line with the goals and purposes of the agenda; studies have demonstrated that teenagers value a forum to discuss sex and relationship issues, and such forums are beneficial as they decrease the chances of earlier sexual contact (Allen et al. 2007; Fullerton et al. 1997). Nevertheless, local differences occurred that hampered with the distribution of SRE in the schools in some areas. Not all schools embraced SRE in their teaching syllabus, some of the teachers were uncertain of the degree to teach and were either uncomfortable or awkward about young people’s sexual matters. Some schools had a syllabus that excluded social or emotional topics, which play an important role (Chambers, 2002). Some areas included mixed sex classes; these were less successful as some teenagers, particularly females, felt inhibited (Stephenson et al. 2004). Additionally, some parents refused to support the policy and withdrew their children from SRE classes (Lanek, 2005). I n reaction to these difficulties, the Health & Social Care Scrutiny Sub-Committee (2004) made further recommendations, emphasising the responsibility of schools (particularly faith schools) to include SRE in the curriculum. Post 2010, the policy aims and objectives were to build on the existing strategy, and enable young people to receive the knowledge, advice and support they need from parents, teachers and other specialist to deal with the pressure to have sex, enjoy positive and caring relationships and have good sexual health. Policy Type Birkland (1984) and Lowi et al. (1964) have argued that knowing the type of policy one is dealing with will enable one to predict what may arise after the policy has been implemented. However, Wilson (1973) has criticized categorising policies, as some are too complex to be so simply defined. This is a criticism that can be fiarly levelled at the policy under discussion, which is both preventive and self-regulatory. It aims to reduce and prevent pregancies to bridging health and education inequality gaps that teenage mothers face, reducing child poverty and reducing the cost of teenage pregnancy on public funds. It is both distributive and pragmatic; distributive in that it permits benefit to a particular group (Birkland, 1984), and pragmatic in that it was designed to be practical and workable (Maclure, 2009). The Political Context According to Leichter (1979) contextual factors that can affect policy production can be political, social, economic, cultural, national and international, with some factors becoming major contributors to the policy. Taking the example of international factors, Levine (2003) states that interdependency of nations with the same social problem can affect the policy of the adopting nation takes to solve their problem. In the UK, international influences such as the European Union, WHO and countries facing the same high teenage pregnancy rate have all impacted UK policy on the same issue (Baggott, 2007). As a member state of European Union, the regulation of our national law by the Union takes priority in informing and sharpening our policies (Mclean, 2006). Politically in Britain, the ‘teenage mother’ has come to symbolise social decline. This began with the Conservative government in the 1990’s, who first politicised the single mother by describing her as typifying the prevalent moral standards (particularly amongst the lower social classes) that threatened society (Macvarish, XX). Following the election of the Labour party in 1997, this political perception was altered in line with the New Labour vision; a more optimistic national mood teamed with traditional Labour views on social equality. Under this perspective, issues such as poverty and unemployment were viewed as symptoms of ‘social exclusion’ whereby individuals were unfairly excluded from participating fully in society. Such communities were to be viewed sympathetically instead of being blamed, and it was within this context that the strategy evolved: reducing teenage pregnancy was one way of making the excluded included (Macvarish XX). Against this backdrop of poitical ideology, the UK has a democratic system of government whereby decisions and policies are made based on the influence of the stakeholders. The teenage pregnancy strategy had pluralist influences including the director of public health, consultants in public health, the director of social services, specialist midwifes and parents of teenagers. These contributions were multi-level; nationally, regionally and locally. At a national level, financial support and endorsement was provided by senior ministers, guidance and monitoring was provided at a regional level, and participation by young people and their parents provided the local input. Policy implementation Implementation is the process of turning policy into practice (Buse, 2005). The implementation of the teenage pregnancy policy was two phase: the first launched in 1999 and depended on ‘better’ sex education both in and out of schools, and improved access to contraception. The second phase came 10 years later in 2008 and relied upon different government programs designed to assist teenage mothers with returning to education or training, gaining employment or providing support with other social factors such as housing. The implementation of teenage pregnancy policy was also top-down. The purpose of the policy was to reduce and prevent teenagers from becoming early parents through support and increasing implementation of preventative guidance by the government and to combat social exclusion of teenage mothers. The policy can be seen to be self-regulatory because it was behavioral and aimed to provide the individual with the skills to make informed decisons regarding their sexual health (Bartle & Vass, 1998). There are additional factors that help to facilitate the implementation of policy; actors in policy, and experts in the agenda. Actors generally are individuals with power that can be excercised through influencing policy. They may be lobby or pressure groups and can include politicians, civil servants, and members of an interest group (Buse, 2005). The involvement of experts in the agenda setting was clear from the outset. The National guidance allowed the local areas to enlarge the scope of the policy using guidance. The involvement of local actors and the use of data from the local areas helped to motivate local action. Taking advantage of local knowledge or information facilitates matching policy to the specific needs of the teenagers. Analysis of policy successStrategy implementation related successFollowing the publication of the policy, the earliest the strategy could begin to be implemented was early 2000, but this was highly dependent on the employment of local teenage pregnancy co-ordinators. By the third quarter of 2000, 75% of these posts were staffed, rising to virtually 100% in 2001 (TPSE, 2005). With regards the communication strategy, the percentage of local areas that used media campaigns to reinforce the messages of the national campaign grew steadily from 2% in 2000 to 40% in 2001 (TPSE, 2005). The number of areas with at least one sexual health service dedicated to young people increased consistently from 68% in 2000 to 84% in 2001, while support for young parents with emphasis on reintegration into work and training rose to 70% according to TPSE (2005). Over the course of the strategy, 10,000 teachers, support staff and nurses were trained to deliver Personal, Social and Health Education in schools (TPAIG, 2010).Prevention related successThe original ambition of the teenage pregnancy strategy was to achieve a 15% reduction in under-18 conception by 2004 and 50% reduction by 2010, accompanied by a downward trend in the under-16 conception rate (TPSE 2005). The first phase of the strategy came to an end after a period of ten years without achieving its entire target. In the early part of tits implementation, the policy appeared to have moderate success. By 2002, the conception rate for under-18s had fallen by 9%, reversing the upward trend seen prior to the strategy implementation, and contrary to the relatively static rates observed over the past 30 years (TPSE, 2005). Success varied across the UK, but a steeper decline in conception rates in socio-economically deprived areas suggested that it had targeted the most ‘at-risk’ areas. For example, Hackney council reported a decrease in the rates of repeated abortion from 49% to 27% in under-18s, and they report that the majority of under-16s report not having sex due to understanding of abstinence. How successful the policy had been depended greatly on how robustly it was implemented across various local areas. In general, there was a reduction in areas that have carried out proper implementation, with some areas able to report a 45% decline, while other areas performed poorly due to poor implementation, with no reduction, or in some cases, an increase (TPAIG, 2010). However, the follow-up report ‘Teenage Pregnancy Strategy: Beyond 2010 found that the overall conception rate had fallen by 13.3% since 1998, falling well short of the projected 50% reduction. However the DoH add that births to under-18s had fallen by 25% over this period (DoH, 2010).They also point to the increase in access to sexual health services, information and advice as an additional indicator of success. The new phase goes beyond the original 10-year target, adding more content added to the policy, following an incremental process according to TPSE (2005). Incrementalpolicy according to Lindblom (1993) is a major achievement that is attained as a result of small steps taken which guarded against policy disaster. However, the new phase exists within a climate of austerity. The current downtrend of conception rates in the under-18 age group will be difficult to maintain against a backdrop of disinvestment, which has already led to widespread closure of specialist sexual h ealth services for under-18s.Gaps in the policyIn applying teenage pregnancy policy to the present situation, it can be said that the policy did not really look inward into the situation that the country was facing. It looked at the success rate of other countries without tailoring their measures to curb the problems specific to Britain. The policy is a social policy and as such it focussed on the social aspect of the problem without looking at the health issues that come with teenage pregnancy. Addiitonally, the time frame given to meet its target of a 50% was too short. Teenage pregancy is inextricably linked to both poverty, a social issue too wide to tackle in one decade. It is also strongly related to culture, and specifically the need to foster a culture of openess regarding sexual behaviour and health. This again is too complex to challenge in 10 years. Recommendations In the first instance, the coalition Government must address the shortcomings currently seen in sexual relation education (SRE). The former Government elected to not make SRE part of the compulsory curriculum, and as a result provision of SRE across the country is patchy. The Government should pass legislation ensure good practice such as SRE becomes compulsory. Additionally, refinements to existing SRE need to be made. In particular this should include devising ethnic and faith-based SRE programmes, which will better address the diversity of beliefs held in a modern multi-cultural Britain. Also, the deliberation of same-sex SRE classes should be completed and implemented (Fullerton et al 2001). More use should be made of robust team-working within communities, health sectors and schools in encouraging SRE, and the creative use and further training of more peer-educators to deliver the strategy within schools should be considered. Secondly, an approach which combines measures to prevent teenage conception and support teenage mothers must be in tandem to wider measures to address poverty and social exclusion. The loss of the Education Maintenance Allowance and the closure of many Sure Start centres disproportionately disadvantage the socio-economically deprived, and widen the gap in attainment between the rich and poor. Thirdly, the coalition government must be invested in making reductions to teenage pregnancy rates a priority. Ring-fencing of funds for specialist sexual health services and training in SRE must be guaranteed in order to not lose the small, but significant reductions in teenage pregnancy rates seen to date. Relatedly, strategies to address teenage pregnancy should be integrated into all future policies. Finally, the patchy nature of strategy deliverance across local authorities must be addressed. Areas that neglect to implement the strategy effectively should be identified, and supported according. Sharing of good practice across local authorities should be made routine. Conclusions In conclusion, this essay has outlined the teenage pregnancy strategy devised in 1998, its background and political context. It went on to discuss the outcomes of the first ten-year phase. At this point, it is still too early to say whether the second phase will meet its overall target, especially in the current economic climate, although the strategy focused attention on the problem and provided materials to help local, regional and national implementation of the strategy. As Britain remains a culturally diverse country, addressing this with regards teenage sexual health should remain a priority. In particular, adequate training of all personnel that will help and support teenagers in and out of school, increasing parental involvement in sex and contraception, and ring fencing specialist sexual health services should all be seen as important and complimentary factors in continuing to address pregnancy in UK teenagers. References: Allen, E., Bonell, C., Strange, V., Copas, A., Stephenson, J., Johnson, A.M. & Oakley, A., (2007). Does the UK government’s teenage pregnancy strategy deal with the correct risk factorsFindings from a secondary analysis of data from a randomised trial of sex education and their implications for policy. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 61(1), 20-27. BERTHOUD, R. (2001).Teenage births to ethnic minority women. Population Trends, 6(104):12-17. BONELL, C., ALLEN, E., STRANGE, V., COPAS, A., OAKLEY, A., STEPHENSON, J. and JOHNSON, A. (2005). The effect of dislike of school on risk of teenage pregnancy: testing of hypotheses using longitudinal data from a randomised trial of sex education. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 59(3), 223-230. BONELL, C.P., STRANGE, V.J., STEPHENSON, J.M., OAKLEY, A.R., COPAS, A.J., FORREST, S.P., JOHNSON, A.M. and BLACK, S. (2003). Effect of social exclusion on the risk of teenage pregnancy: development of hypotheses using baseline data from a randomised trial of sex education. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 57(11), 871-876. BOS, R. (2006). Health impact assessment and health promotion. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 84(11), 914-915. BREEZE, C.H. & LOCK, K., (2001). Health impact assessment as part of strategic environment assessment. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe. Buse, K., Mays, N. and Walt, G. (2005) Making health policy. Open University PressOxford English Dictionary. 1989. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press. CAMERON, M. (2000).A short guide to health impact assessment. London: NHS Executive London. http://www.londonshealth.gov.uk/pdf/hiaguide/pdf (accessed 1 February 2010). Chambers, R., Boath, E. & Chambers, S. (2002).Young people’s and professionals’ views about ways to reduce teenage pregnancy rates: to agree or not agree. Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care, 28(2):85-90 DCSF. (2009). Sex and relationship education (SRE). http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/policy/health/sre/. (accessed January 30, 2010). DCSF. (2009). About Teenage Pregnancy Strategy http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/healthandwellbeing/teenagepregnancy/about/strategy/ (accessed January 10, 2010). DCSF. (2009). Teenage Conception Statistics for England 1998-2007. http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/resources-and-practice/IG00200/ (accessed January 17, 2010). DCSF, (2008). Teenage Pregnancy Independent Advisory Group. 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Reasons for Lack of Development in Laos

In South East Asia, in the centre of the Southeast Asian peninsula, lies the land-locked country Laos. The country that is now the Lao People†s Democratic Republic (LPDR, or Laos) has a slightly greater land area than Uganda and is bordered by several countries. On the north lies China, on the north-east Vietnam, on the south it is bordered by Cambodia, on the west by Thailand, and on the north-west by Burma. These neighbours have, to varying degrees, influenced Laotian historical, cultural, and political development. The recorded history of Laos began in the fourteenth century with Fa Ngum (reigned 1353-73), the first king of Lan Xang. Prior to this, Laos was inhabited by Mongols. Under Fa Ngum, the territory of Lan Xang was extended and it remained in these approximate borders for another 300 years. In the 1690†³s conflicts arose with Burma, Siam (Thailand), Vietnam, and the Khmer kingdom, and they continued in the eighteenth century ending in Siamese domination. Early in the nineteenth century, Siam held authority over much of the territory of contemporary Laos, which then consisted of the principalities of Louang Phrabang, Vientiane, and Champasak. Siam at the time sought to extend its influence in Indochina since it faced conflicts with France, which then had established a protectorate over Vietnam. By the end of the nineteenth century, France had replaced Siam as the dominant power on the South East Asian peninsula. In 1890, Laos was integrated into the French colonial empire of Indochina as a group of directly ruled provinces, except for Louang Phrabang, which was ruled as a protectorate. The French ruled indirectly through the king of Louang Phrabang and a hierarchy of royal officials, although the French resident supervisor always had the final word. The French in 1946 signed an agreement with the king of Louang Phrabang that established him as king of a unified Laos within the French Union. The French granted internal rule over a united Laos in 1949 and most of the nationalist leaders, who had fled at the time of the French reoccupation, returned to the country. However, Laos remained part of the French union. In 1954, independence was recognised by the Geneva Conference. In the following years the Pathet Lao, a group of pro-Communist nationalists that was aided by North Vietnam, gained strength as a rival to the Royal Lao Government (RLG). Coalition governments in 1957 and 1962 lasted only a very short time, and fighting intensified between the two sides. Meanwhile Laos became increasingly involved in the conflict between the United States and Communist forces (Vietminh) in Vietnam. In 1964, the United States began bombing Laos with the aim of stopping the flow of troops and supplies along the Ho Chi Minh Trail, which ran from North Vietnam through Laos to South Vietnam. The bombing continued for several years and caused immense damage. In 1973 a cease-fire was finally arranged in Laos and the following year a coalition government was formed. In 1975, after the Communist victories in Vietnam and Cambodia, the Pathet Lao took control of government and in December the Lao People†s Democratic Republic was declared. After that the American aid was withdrawn, Laos formed special relationships with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and Vietnam, which stationed many thousands of troops and advisers in the country. But by 1986 the state of the economy was so poor that the government introduced major reforms, including making the majority of public enterprises independent of state control. One of the government†s aims was to decrease dependence on Vietnam, and in more recent years it has also established better relations with neighbouring Thailand, as well as other countries such as the United States, which has agreed to extend development aid in return for a crackdown on the drug trade. Laos is largely mountainous and forested, and only about 4 percent of its total land area is arable. With about 54 per cent covered with forests, the country is made up of a mountainous area extending north and south throughout most of the country and a small area of lowland on the southern and south-western borders. The mountainous area covers about nine-tenths of the country and can be divided into a northern section and a southern section. The northern section has heavily forested mountain ranges and plateaux cut by deep, narrow valleys and gorges, and the south section contains more barren forested limestone terraces. The principal river of Laos, the Mekong, enters in the north-west from Thailand and flows south along the border between Thailand and Laos before entering Cambodia. The offshoots of the Mekong rise in the mountains and flow through deep valleys. The climate of Laos is tropical, but there are wide variations in temperatures within different areas, mainly because of the variations in elevation. However, the principal climatic features are determined by the monsoons. The wet summer season takes place from about May to October, while the cool season lasts from about November to February. The remainder of the year is hot and humid. Laos has extensive forest resources, and although there has been a considerable deforestation in recent years, about half of the country is still covered with forests. There exists a so-called slash-and-burn agriculture which means that forests are burned in order to create fields for growing crops. The consequence if this is that the soil fails to fertilise, the lands are therefore abandoned and even more trees are cut down in another location. Together with poor forest management, the slash-and-burn methods are the main reasons behind the deforestation. Another negative consequence of the reduced forest resources, together with the changes in cultivation, is the deterioration in Laos† abundant water resources. Less than one-third of the rural population has access to safe drinking water. Recently, Laos has also had great environmental difficulties with its wildlife. About 70 percent of the wildlife habitat was lost during the 1980s, and a number of species of mammal, bird, and plant have been threatened with extinction. The population as of 1996 was estimated at approximately 4. 9 million people. The population growth rate is relatively high, it is estimated at about 2. 9 percent per year. However, child and infant mortality rates are also high, and life expectancy averages less than fifty-two years. The population density of Laos is quite low, with more than 85 percent of the population being rural, living in small villages of less than 1,000 people. Rural life is dependant of the changing agricultural seasons, such as conditions of drought or flood. Those staying in urban areas mostly live in the Mekong River valley towns and those of its offshoots. Vientiane, the capital and largest city of Laos, is also the centre of a very limited industrial sector. The effects of recent economic reforms have been rather limited and mainly concentrated to the Vientiane plain. There is a great lack of recent statistics of Laos and many of them are not very reliable. Nonetheless, it is safe to say that Laos is one of the poorest countries in the world, with a gross national product (GNP) estimated to range from US$295 to US$350 per inhabitant and a gross domestic product (GDP) of US$206 per capita. The Laotian economy is heavily influenced by the weather since it is mainly based on agriculture, which employs most of the population. The main crop is rice but corn, vegetables, tobacco, coffee, and other foods are also grown. It has been said that Laos has a largely unskilled work force and that it needs development. Advancements such as these are particularly important for two areas with potentially high foreign exchange earnings; agro-forestry and hydropower. Forestry has been a source of economic benefit despite the lack of a modern transportation network. Laos† other many resources include gypsum, tin, gold, and iron ore, but the potential for the exportation of these resources has not yet been realised. However, the government is attempting to expand industrial activities. By far, imports surpass exports. The country has to import manufactured goods, medicine, and machinery. Laos exports electricity from its hydroelectric power stations, wood products, textiles, coffee, and tin, but these commodities are all very limited. Laos is also a major producer of opium. The economy depends heavily on foreign aid which comes mostly from Western nations. Some of the aid that the government receives is used to stop the drug trade. Today the literacy rate of Laos is approximately 57 percent. The education and social services of the country are primitive, although some improvements have been made lately. The LPDR has made a commitment to five years of universal primary education, but limited financial resources and a lack of trained teachers and teaching materials have restricted educational opportunities. Enrolments have increased, however. Western health care is largely restricted to the more â€Å"urban† areas, due to the difficulties of transportation. Similarly, improvements in health care are constrained by finances and the limited numbers of trained health care workers. About 85 per cent of the Lao are Theravada Buddhist and many Lao, especially the highland mountain peoples, practice animism. Buddhism has long been a strong force in Lao culture and remains a major influence in everyday life, despite a Communist government. Even top officials worship in the Buddhist tradition. Each Lao village has its own temple, called a wat, which is the centre of festivities and rituals. The Laotian culture is closely knitted with its religion. Buddhist temples in every village serve as intellectual centres. The life of the Lao peasant is organised around religion, and most activities are directed by the Buddhist calendar. Louang Phrabang and Vientiane are known as â€Å"Cities of a Thousand Temples† and have many examples of traditional Buddhist art and architecture. There are various reasons for the poor economic state and welfare position of Laos. The main reasons are three: political, economical, and geographical. The location of Laos has often made it a buffer between more powerful neighbouring states, as well as a crossroads for trade and communication. Migration and international conflict have contributed to the present ethnic composition of the country and to the geographic distribution of its ethnic groups. On the other hand, this position has also often meant that the country has been a target for conflicts and considerable pressure. Its neighbours, such as Thailand (Siam) and Vietnam, have tried to influence and exploit Laos† weak position for their own interests, which in turn has been of great detriment for the country. As in most other underdeveloped countries, Laos has not had the capacity to exploit successfully its human and natural resources. The educational level of the population has stayed relatively low, and its rich natural wealth has not been developed in an appropriate manner. The weak political leadership has resulted in a mismanagement of the economy and of the potential possibilities of its population. Laos is the only landlocked country in South East Asia, and this naturally faces the country with great problems. Its natural resources are mostly unexploited or unsurveyed. Because of its mountainous topography, Laos has few reliable transportation routes. This inaccessibility has historically limited the ability of any government to maintain a presence in areas distant from the national or provincial capitals. It has also limited interchange and communication among villages and ethnic groups. The Mekong and Nam Ou rivers are the only natural channels suitable for large-draft boat transportation; furthermore, from December through May low water limits the size of the craft that may be used over many routes. The Khong falls at the southern end of the country also prevent access to the sea. Despite all the negative aspects of the Laotian political and economical environment that has been described above, many experts predict a relatively happy future for the country in the longer perspective. The country is today in peace and harmony, at least in comparison with the conditions ten or twenty years ago. There is no open threat from its neighbours, and no open rebellion from forces within the nation. The expectations from the donors community have grown, and many observers have great hopes that the economic development will go for the better in the coming years, partly as a consequence of the for relaxed conditions in Laos.

The Total Patient Care Model of Nursing Delivery Research Paper

The Total Patient Care Model of Nursing Delivery - Research Paper Example The paper tells that models of nursing care constitute the procedures and structural representations that illustrate the flow of the health care operations. Models of nursing care support high-quality services that patients receive in the healthcare centers. Models of patient care provide nurses with theories about people, health, patients’ environment, and the role of the nurse in the treatment process. The availability of various models allows nurses to select the care model that best reflects the area of their work and the group in which the client is suited. According to Mueller & Savik, the models of patient care are necessary because they help nurses to plan patient-care services; proper planning is the critical element of ensuring quality and efficiency in the care process. Models of patient care enhance the way in which nurses assess and deliver treatment services to patients. The patient-care models may involve costs and time; despite this, novice nurses to develop th eir own patient-care models to enhance the quality of their services. Total patient care is a method of delivering nursing care to patients, which involves a registered nurse being held totally accountable and responsible for providing all care received by the patient during their eight-hour shift. The model of total patient care was developed to enhance the cost, convenience, personal qualities and professional competency of the of care providers.... nt care is a method of delivering nursing care to patients, which involves a registered nurse being held totally accountable and responsible for providing all care received by the patient during their eight-hour shift (Fairbrother, Jones & Rivas, 2010). The model of total patient care was developed to enhance the cost, convenience, personnel qualities and professional competency of the of care providers. Care is the nursing attention that nurses provide to patients, including medication administration, meeting the biological needs of patients, and satisfying the psychological needs of the patients. The system of total patient care was developed as an alternative to primary care after the achievement of registering enough nurses to implement primary nursing. The model was developed through team nursing to combat fragmentation of the nursing care. Description of the Total Patient Care Model The model of total patient care is commonly used in Intensive Care Units (ICU) and Postanestheti c Care Units (PACU). Under the model of total patient care, licensed practical or registered nurses replace the nursing team who give total care to a group of patients. The nurse providing care is held accountable and responsible for the health care progress of one patient (Dubois, D'Amour, Tchouaket, Rivard, Clarke & Blais, 2012). The nurse is also responsible for planning, organizing, coordinating, and performing total care to the patients. Total patient care is one of the oldest models; the students of nursing typically performed this model in their vocational training. The registered nurse is responsible for all the care provided to a patient during a specific shift. The standard time for any shift is eight hours. The shifts are organized in such a way that there are three nurses

Resume and Cover Letter Construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Resume and Cover Letter Construction - Essay Example This is a good question and it is very difficult to give a proper answer to it. The first and foremost concern is to pick an appealing style, which will be appropriate and relevant to the market of employment. It is relevant to use action verbs (removed, supervised, supported, expanded etc) and some self-descriptive words, such as ambitious, broad-minded, consistent etc are appealing to the employer. A great advantage of chronological resumes is the ability of an employer to trace the exact dates of a candidates places of employment. Another advantage is to see a logical development of one's career development. A chronological resume is one of the most suitable. It is very often difficult for employers to look through different skills of an employee. When a candidate changes his career field very often, then his resume can be a functional one. His main skills and abilities are listed and an employer can choose between available skills and potential of an employee. Combination Resumes are also known as "custom or hybrid resumes". These types of resumes are advantageous because they enable an employee to illustrate his experience with exact dates and to make an employer aware of exact dates/ a process of a careers development. It is difficult to focus both on dates and facts or to shift one's attention from dates to events. This is a resume without any proper formatting. It should be mentioned that this type of resumes is often challenging, but it is possible for an employer to scan pros and cons of the resume. Moreover, an employer can be not satisfied with a proper interpretation of certain points of resumes. With respect to the fact that every employer looks at resumes not more than 30 seconds, it is very important to include keywords and focus ones resume on a particular company (Professional Resumes the Easy Way).  

Compare the efficiency outcomes of the model of perfect competition Essay

Compare the efficiency outcomes of the model of perfect competition with that of monopoly markets. Discuss and evaluate the gove - Essay Example Perfect Competition Perfect competition is a model of market structure which attains what can one call efficient distribution of scarce resources. Such efficient allocation is attained due to the profit-maximizing level of goods manufactured by a seamlessly aggressive company results in the marginal cost and price becoming equal (Stigler 1957). As far as short run is concerned, this includes the short-run marginal cost and price being equal. On the other hand, in the longer duration this is observed with the parity between price and long-run marginal cost. In the short run the production of a homogenous product being produced by many other firms is efficient since the price is the same as marginal cost (Mankiw 2003). In other words the worth of the homogeneous product manufacturing is equivalent to the marginal cost of sacrificed satisfaction. Perfect competition creates efficient allocation of resources in the long run also. The long-run fine-tuning of companies arriving and leaving the industry as each of the companies in the business maximizes profits hence creating the subsequent long-run equilibrium state: P = SRMC = LRMC = SRAC = LRAC (Latzko 2012) Graphs above are showing perfect competition. ... Since consumer does not have any other options he or she is faced to buy from the single supplier. Economists recognize several ways of measuring or talking about the ways economies may be efficient; some of the most common include efficiency of scale, productive efficiency, technical efficiency, allocated efficiency, dynamic efficiency and social efficiency (Pindyck and Rubinfeld 2008). Efficiency types are not mutually exclusive; more than one can describe a market or economy. (Web-books 2012) Graph above is showing monopoly market determination of profit. Efficiency of Scale When a producer makes more of something, usually the expense of manufacturing per unit falls. There is limit to this effect; eventually, producing a greater quantity will no longer pay off. When production approaches this limit, there exists efficiency of scale (McConnell, Brue and Flynn 2011). Productive Efficiency Productive efficiency is achieved when a producer uses the least amount of resources to produce goods or services relative to others. The manufacturer might attain this by taking advantage of economies of scale or by utilizing the benefit of having the most helpful manufacturing technology, the lowest paid workers or negligible manufacturing waste. Technical Efficiency A prerequisite for allocative efficiency, technical efficiency describes production that has the least likely opportunity cost. Material and labor resources are not wasted in the production of goods or services in technically efficient production. When it's achieved, technical efficiency allows for but doesn't guarantee allocative efficiency. Allocative Efficiency When a society's value for a certain good or service (the amount they pay for it) is in equilibrium with the cost of

Business management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Business management - Essay Example While, the list of functional areas that exist within a business is extensive and also reliant upon the nature of an organization, its scale and the industry in which it operates, the primary functional areas of a business can be classified as: human resources, administration, production, finance and marketing and sales (Carysforth and Neild 2000). Consequently, organizations that operate in the information technology industry may have a dedicated IT department while, manufacturing industries may finance the establishment of a research and development department in addition with the primary functional areas that have been identified in the paper. Accordingly, the focus of the paper is dedicated towards an examination of the functions of human resources and administration which are two distinct functional areas of business that interest me the most as a student of business management. According to Sims (2007) the business landscape of the twenty-first century is marked by the growing importance of human resources as a pivotal component of organizations. ... These aspects include the procedures of recruitment, selection, training and development, learning, motivation, complying by labor laws and ensuring that health and safety regulations are met. Therefore, my role as a human resources manager would be designed to successfully meet the stated purposes of the human resources function. This would involve the management of the entire HR system which constitutes of the recruitment process and employee dismissal, examination of employee performance to design appropriate benefits and compensation packages and the initiation of comprehensive employee engagement, training and development measures to enhance individual potential (Chuang and Liao 2010). An interesting observation with regards to the assessment of the functional areas of business is that each and every department is provided with a distinct purpose and direction which is much unique and different from that of the other. However, the administration function is the only area of an o rganization which serves a wider purpose by assisting the operations of human resources, finance, marketing and production departments amongst others. With the introduction of diversified concepts such as organizational innovation and knowledge management with respect to business operations, the significance of establishing a comprehensive administrative system under the administration function has been augmented. Liao and Wu (2010) classify the development of an administrative system as a part of an organization’s process of innovation which is pivotal to the success of today’s business. The fact that the administration department is

Common Merit vs Anniversary Date Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Common Merit vs Anniversary Date - Essay Example Company practices of granting merit increases are usually pre-defined in compensation and performance evaluation policies and procedures, which indicate the frequency of performance reviews; evaluation standards, criteria, measures, and rating scale; and equivalent percentage increases according to ratings. The merit date is the date at which an employee is eligible for a performance evaluation and a merit increase (Chesterfield, 2008). There are two popular ways for administering annual merit increases, either using a common merit date for all employees or o common ways or by using by using the employee’s anniversary date of hire. One practice for administering the annual merit increase is by using the employee’s anniversary date of hire. This means that one year after the employee was hired, he/she becomes eligible for a performance evaluation and a merit increase, and then every year thereafter, on his/her anniversary date. The advantage of using the anniversary date of hire as against a common merit date, is that it ensures that an employee has been given a full 12-month period to exhibit the job performance he/she will be evaluated on. Considering the length of the period, the employee would be able to improve performance over the course of the months or remedy any bad performance exhibited within ample time till the evaluation date. For the company, planning, implementing and monitoring the evaluation process and the granting of merit increases using the anniversary date would mean a lot more work as anniversary dates would be different from employee to employee. Schedules of performance evaluatio n have to be pre-defined for each employee according to his/her anniversary date, tracked, and monitored for completion, usually a joint responsibility of the HR department and the immediate manager. The greater the number of employees of a company, the more work it would entail. For managers with a number of subordinates to evaluate, it would also mean

Survey Article - Lexical System Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Survey - Lexical System - Article Example Number of times the given word is mentioned and finally the ability of to learn and to understand and use the learned vocabulary. This research paper aims at analysing the L2 lexicon system. How different components interact with others within this complex system. In order to understand the power of lexicon system, this research paper is going to analyse case studies of the academic English (L2) vocabulary. It has taken a lot of studies to study the development of vocabulary. Main emphasis has been on the active and passive setting of vocabularies, how people learn and acquire vocabularies. Over the several years, the Dynamic Systems Theory has been used to study the development of L2 vocabulary. This method focus on the process itself rather than the end product of the process. In order to understand how DST model influences development of L2 vocabulary, certain aspects have to be considered. This are, the ability to remember words that were said in the past and use them in the current environment (Schreuder & Weltens, 4). This paper will prove that the two environment are related and that patterns of variation between them are in accordance to the lexicon development system. Language and vocabulary exists in many spheres of life, ranging from medical, biology, geography among others. It is true to assert that language is dynamic and this dynamism gives birth to vocabularies. Be it to and individual or to a given community. Vocabulary development is not linear and is adversely affected by the interactions within the system. This is because factors that affect the ability of one to learn like memory capacity vary from one person to another (Read, 10). Secondly some factors like motivation, given to people so that they can learn something, is affected by the sociolinguistic environment from where this language is developed. Language growth

Santa Ana Winds Essay Example for Free

Santa Ana Winds Essay Weather can affect people’s behavior, positively and negatively. When the weather is nice and hot, it affects people positively by encouraging them to enjoy the outdoors, however, when the weather is bad, like when a hurricane hits this effects people negatively by worrying. Similarly, in the essay â€Å"Santa Ana Winds†, by Joan Dideon, the winds are so abrasive and obstructive that it engenders people to actually commit suicide. This occurs in Los Angeles. Even though Dideon provides a scientific explanation for the soft winds, she characterise hem as evil by showing their effects on people and on the environment. Dideon characterizes and demonstrates the winds as evil. She explains that the winds have an effect on people, making them act unusual. â€Å"Indians would throw themselves into the sea when the bad wind blew† Dideon is describing how the winds would permit people to actually commit suicide. The winds would create such a violent disturbance that townsmen would not even want to deal with such a thing, they would just kill themselves. The horrifying winds would also create paranoia in people. â€Å"Her husband roamed the place with a machete† This man thought there were trespassers and rattlesnakes roaming his yard. His obvious beliefs were due to scare. Dideon not only demonstrates the wind having an effect on people, but also the environment. Having a harsh effect on the hills and Route 66. A hot wind from the northeast whining down through the Cajon and San Gorgonio Passes, blowing up sandstorms out along route 66, drying the hills† Here, Dideon is explaining how the winds create sandstorms along route 66 and the hills are drying up. This not only affects the hills and highways, but in the long run will effect global warming, and drying out farms and hills will eventually create a drought. This leads to many other effects on the environment. The Santa Ana W inds effect the environment in more than one way. â€Å"For a few days now, we will see smoke back in the canyons†. Dideon is signifying wildfires occurring on the canyons. With this wildfire, not only will this wildfire burn down tree’s, but will also spread around disease. The Santa Ana Winds have many effects on the environment and people, when it is a nice, hot and a sunny day, people become encouraged to get out and spend time with their family. However, when a hurricane blows in, it creates many disturbing things, such as paranoia, droughts and wildfires. It is important to be alert and recognize the warning signs of dreadful things yet to come. Otherwise, anyone can get trapped in the middle of a storm.

Current Environmental Laws In The Philippines

Current Environmental Laws In The Philippines Our environmental laws are very important to us. It is very important beacause we all know that some are still depending to our natural environment for a living like those who are belong to a community located to mountaneous areas and also for us living in a rural areas or urban areas. By the implementation of these environmental laws, we are all gaining informations and knowledges about the proper protection of our environment. For me, the summarization of all the current environmental laws and policies are mainly composed of the proper ulitization and management of all the aspects of our natural environment. Below are some of the most important environmental laws of our country. The Philippine Environmental Policy Governs the general policies on the pursuits of a better quality of life for the present and future generations and mandates undertaking the environmental impact assessments for all projects, which may significantly affect the environment. (P.D 1151) Defines the objectives and the strategies for the various aspects of environmental management, such as air and water quality management, natural source development, land management, and waste management. It launches a comprehensive national program of environmental protection and management, with reference to policies and standards of noise, air quality, classification of water and waste management. (P.D 1152) The Philippine environmental policy is really very important because it promotes the protection of our natural resources and our natural environments. We all know that our country is very famous around the world by having the most wonderful and aesthetic natural resources thats why we really need to preserve this resources in order to sustain that title and also for us to be still benifited with these natural and environmental resources. The Forestry Reform Code P. D. 389 (P.D. 705) Codifies, updates and raises forestry laws in the country. It emphasizes the sustainable utilization of forest resources. The law which concerns about our forest are very important to sustain our flora and fauna which are living in our forest and also to help sustain those endangered species. The banning of illegal cutting of trees is very important because when trees are all gone, it can cause soil erosion and can harm us by causing great flood just like what happened this past few years. Illegal logging can also contributes in the loss of our ecosystem which can cause distress not only for those flora and fauna but also to us.It also governs the preseravation and otimimum productivity of fishery resources through conservation and protection. Water Code of the Philippines (P.D. 1067) Adopts adequate measures to conserve and regulate the use of water in commercial, industrial and residentail areas. It also provides other policy guidelines in water quality and management of water resources. This protects our water system especially for those who depends their business in the water. They imposed this law to govern those who are being unaware to the posibilities of damaging our water resources through improper disposal of garbages and ineffecient use of waters. Other laws under the environmental laws are Pollution Control Law, Sanitation Code, Control of Pesticides, Local Government Code of 1991, Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act, The Fisheries Code of the Philippines and The Solid Waste Management Act of 2001. These environmental laws are really needed in order for us to protect our natural environment through good management of these resources and these laws is a eye opener for us to see the posible effects of the improper usage of our natural resources. Through good governance, we will be able to help each others to protect and sustain our natural environment for the next generation to come. We need to comply to these laws in order for us to have the limits in which we can use these resources and be able to preserve and protect such very imporatnat element of our life, the natural resources and our natural environment. Source of the three environmental laws that I discussed: http://bio427.blogspot.com/2010/10/environmental-laws-of-philippines.html How Hospitality and Tourism Management is affected by the current environmental laws? The Hospitality and Tourism Management is affected by the current environmental laws in a very positive ways. It is very beneficial for them because they will be able to know the guidelines in protecting our environment which this Hospitality and Tourism Management is very dependent. We all know that under Hospitality and Tourism Management is the tourism industry which really relying on our environment with their businesses. For they are the most dependent to our natural environment, they must be the one who needs to protect it and also to sustain it. Another positive effect of these environmental laws to Hospitality and Tourism Management is that tourism industry will be boost knowing that they have the ability to protect, sustain and improve our natural environment which can help to promote our country. The tourism industry is really obliged to protect our environment to sustain the tourists that they have and they will have. When the tourist see that they are helping our governme nt in managing our environment, they will be glad to still go back to our country not only for a good service nor good employees but merely by the fact that our environment is still in good conditions and still improving which this guests and tourists are visiting for and which they can also enjoy. When we look to the other side which this tourism industry is not complying and not implementing these environmental laws, it will greatly contributes in damaging our environment and might causes negative impacts not only to our natural environment but also to the species of animals, plants, fishes and also to us humans. All other industry must be in accordance to our environmental laws because they are interrelated to each other. For example, a mining industry which disposes their toxic wastes directy to the sea or ocean can affect the businesses which are relying on the sea or located beside the shoreline because this toxic wastes can cause deseases and can cause damages on the corals, fishes and other living organism in the sea. They are co-related to each other thats why they need to act as one for them to show also that they respect each others. The Hospitality and Tourism Management which is the mother of all indutries specifically the tourism industry must know the proper usage of our environment and the proper management of our natural resources because we all know that this industry is the most income generating to our country and it produces works for our local employees and we all know that a lot of employees are all depending to this industry. If we will not be able to protect and sustain this natural environment, a lot also of negetaive effects will come out and one of the most dangerous effect is that when our environment is greatly damaged, a lot of workers will be dismiss to their work and what will now happen to them? Unemployment rate level will increase and a lot of local people will experienced poverty. As a tourism student, we are very much thankful because we are able to know the positive and negative impacts of the misgovernance of our environment. We are also able to know the environmental laws which our g overnment has imposed and it is very important for us because at young age, we are in the capacity of opening our minds in protecting and in helping in sustaining our environment which in the near future, we will be also be dependent on it. We should act as one and we need to focus in protecting the natural environments that we have. 3.) How Hospitality and Tourism Management (HTM) businesses can help improve the current environmental laws? Hospitalty and Tourism Management businesses can really help to improve and sustain the current environmental laws of our country by basically complying to these laws. By showing that they are implementing and they are abiding to these environmental laws, they are greatly contributing in promoting the need to act in the way that is legally pursuits. These businesses are the ones who much need to follow these laws because they are more benefited. We all know that the tourism industry is depending to our natural environment. And if we are not able to protect our environment, the tourism industry will really fluctuate. And as you can see, some whos under the tourism industry are not complying to our environmental laws and greatly causing damages to our environment. For example, some resort owners are not following the rules and regulations of our environmental laws just like the proper measurement of the establishment, the proper disposal of their garbages and many more. These careless actions are greatly causing damages, and if these actions are continuosly happening, for sure our environment will be highly damage. Our environmental laws are really important for us to help preserve the natural resources and the natural environment that we have. As you can obeserved, laws makes us more be practically be knowldegeable about the dos and donts regarding to the implementation and usage of our natural environment. The businesses which are under the tourism industy must know the proper environmental management, waste management, land management, and natural source development in order for them to help in improving our environmental laws as well as our natural environments. They are really can promote in preserving and sustaining our environment which is the environmental laws is protecting. Another example of improving the environmental laws by the hostipitality and tourism manangement businesses is that if a specific establishment which are under this industry are very competitive to others, they are much more well appreciated and much more advantageous knowing that they have all the necessary papers like permits and other legal documents that they need to accomplish which our goverment are imposing and their guests will be more knowledgeable about helping in protecting our environment by simply knowing the proper disposal of their own garbages. Environmental laws are providing the necessary information that a single business must know and the ordinances that they need to comply with. Basically, if all the businesses are do have a great information and they are all aware to these environmental laws, we are greatly a means of instrument in helping in preserving our natural environments. As we all know, the tourism industry which is under the Hostpitality and Tourism Management is the fastest income generating out of all the industries that we have and our tourism industry are really helping in uplifting our economy. These tourism businesses are also generating jobs and employment to a lot of workers. By means of protecting our environment, they are also helping in sustaining these businesses which is really important to our country. The proper utilization of these natural environment and natural resources,will not only benefits ourselvelves but also we are also ganing respects from others. As a tourism student and in the near future my future work will be also depending on the natural environment that we have, I need also to contributes my effort in helping to promote the good usage of our environment by merely knowing the implemented laws regarding in protecting our natural resources and our environments just like the very simple way, throwing my garbages on proper and also by merely helping and joining to tree planting activities of our school, our barangay and also of our municipality. At young age, we need to be knowledgeable to what we need to do and what we need to act in order for us to know the implications of being aware to the current situation of our environment.

X Ray Production And Interaction With Matter Engineering Essay

X Ray Production And Interaction With Matter Engineering Essay The x-ray tube is the most important part of the x-ray machine because the tube is where the x-rays are actually produced. The production of x-rays requires a rapidly moving stream of electrons that are suddenly decelerated or stopped. (C., Andy, 2008). Basically this means that when fast-moving electrons slam into a metal object x-rays are produced. (Bushong, 2008, Ch.6 p.101). Inside of the x-ray tube are three main factors that play important roles in x-ray production: 1.) The cathode 2.) The anode 3.) The vacuum The cathode and anode are basically the only components that help in the production of x-rays. The cathode or also known as the fast-moving electrons is a negatively charged electrode that contains a focusing cup and a filament. The focusing cup is made of nickel or molybdenum and nearly surrounds the filament. It is open at one end to allow electrons to flow freely across the tube from the cathode to the anode. (Fauber, 2009, p.15). It has a negative charge, which keeps the electrons emitted from the filament spreading apart. The focusing cups purpose is to focus the stream of fast-moving electrons. The filament is coil of wire (about 2mm diameter and 1 to 2cm long) that emits the electrons when it is heated. When the current through the filament is sufficiently high, the outer-shell electrons of the filament atoms are boiled off and ejected. (Bushong, 2008, Ch.7 p.122). This is also referred to as thermionic emission. The Anode The positively charged electrode of the tube is called the anode. It consists of a stator, rotor, and a target. The stator is an electric motor that turns the rotor at very high speeds. These speeds range from 3,000 to 10,000 revolutions per minute (RPM). The rotor is rigidly connected to the target through the anode stem, causing the target to rotate rapidly during x-ray production. High Strength ball bearings in the rotor allow it to rotate smoothly at high speeds. (Fauber, 2009, p.17). The last component of the anode is the target. The target is the metal object that is struck by the focused stream of electrons coming from the cathode. The target then stops the fast-moving electrons and thus creates the opportunity for the production of x-rays. (Nave, 2006, http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/Hbase/quantum/xtube.html) The Vacuum Another contributing factor called a vacuum, which allows for more efficient x-ray production and longer tube life. However, if there is just a little gas is inside the tube, the electron flow from the cathode to the anode is reduced, fewer x-rays are produced, and more heat is generated. If there is too much gas, x-ray production falls and the tube can fail. (Bushong, 2008, Ch.7 p.122). This is why the radiographer needs to be aware of the amount of heat that is produced during x-ray production because excessive heat can damage the tube: and without the tube x-ray production cannot be created. X-ray Interaction with Matter If x-ray production falls, then x-rays cannot interact with matter. X-ray production and x-ray interaction with matter help to form an image. X-rays interact with matter in five different characteristics: 1.) Coherent Scattering 2.) Compton Effect 3.) Photoelectric Effect 4.) Pair Production 5.) Photodistegration Only the Compton effect and the photoelectric effect are important in the process of creating an x-ray image. Coherent Scattering Coherent scattering is an interaction with low energy x-rays, below the diagnostic range. The incoming photon interacts with the atom causing it to become excited. Fauber (2009, Ch.3 p.49) has suggested that the x-ray doesnt lose energy, but changes direction. Coherent scattering contributes very little to the x-ray image, and only a few percent undergo this type of scatter. Coherent scatter contributes slightly to the deterioration of the image, often referred to as image noise, the general graying of an image that reduces image contrast. Most coherent scattered x-rays are emitted in a forward direction. Coherent scattering is a small importance to creating an x-ray image. However, if these scattered photons are absorbed within the tissue, they do contribute to the radiation exposure to the patient. Compton Effect The Compton effect can occur in all x-ray energies and are very important interaction with matter. When scattered x-rays interact with an outer-shell electron, the electron is thrown or ejected from the atom and the atom becomes ionized. The electron that was ejected is called a secondary electron. With the secondary electron ejected the x-ray scatter continues in a different direction with less energy then it started out with. During a Compton interaction the scattered x-ray and secondary electron have divided the energy between them, but usually the scattered x-ray maintains most of it. Eventually both lose all their energy and the scattered x-ray is absorbed photo electrically, while the secondary electron loses all of its energy through ionization and then falls into a vacancy in the electron shell created by a previous ionizing event. The purpose of the Compton effect is to reduce as much contrast on the x-ray image. Photoelectric Effect The photoelectric effect takes place when the incident x-ray is not scattered, but is totally absorbed during the ionization of an inner-shell electron. The incident photon disappears, and the k-shell electron; called a photoelectron is ejected from the atom. The x-ray image results from the difference between those x-rays that are absorbed by photoelectric interaction and those x-rays that are absorbed during ionization through the body as image-forming x-rays. Pair production Pair production is explained by Bushong (2008, Ch.10 pg.168) as an incident x-ray that has sufficient energy; it may escape interaction with electrons and come close enough to the nucleus of the atom to be influenced by the strong nuclear force field. This causes the x-ray to disappear between the nuclear field and x-ray, and in its place forms two electrons: a positron (positively charged) and one that is negatively charged. Pair production interacts with matter, but does not occur during x-ray imaging. Photodistegration The last characteristic of x-ray interaction with matter is Photodistegration, although it does not occur is diagnostic radiology. This process by which very high-energy x-rays (approximately reaching above 10 MeV) can escape interaction with electrons and the nuclear electric field, and can be absorbed directly by the nucleus. When this occurs the nucleus is raised to an excited state and instantly emits a nucleon or other nuclear fragments, which are released. (Bushong, 2008, Ch.10 pg169). Conclusion In conclusion x-ray production and x-ray interaction with matter help to create an x-ray image. Without both basic concepts a simple image would not be possible. Two of the three components that make up the inside of an x-ray tube is: the cathode and anode, which are both important factors in x-ray production. Similar to the five ways an x-ray can interact with matter, only two are important to the formation: the Compton effect and the photoelectric effect. X-ray production and x-ray are different in so many ways, also they go hand in hand, but without one the other does not exist and without either diagnostic imaging cannot occur.

William Wordswoths I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud versus The Solitary Re

I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud and The Solitary Reaper are both written by William Wordsworth and enjoy great popularity among the readers. When reading the two poems, the readers can feel that the tones of them are different. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud affects the readers with the happiness of the daffodils, while The Solitary Reaper transfers a sense of sadness. Apart from the language of the poems and the figures of speech used, the use of sound and stanza also contributes a lot to the creation of different tones. Firstly, the length of each stanza of the two poems has much to do with the creation of the tone. Shorter stanzas are easier to read compared with longer ones. And it is a suitable form to carry such tones as happy, light, and peaceful and so on. On the contrary, longer stanzas always appear denser, and the feelings conveyed are often heavy and sad. Thus, longer stanzas are fit for the expression of sad feelings. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud and The Solitary Reaper are two typical examples of this. The former has six lines in each stanza while the latter has eight. When the readers read the two poems, it is easy for them to grasp the happiness of the daffodils as well as the sadness that is conveyed by the ?solitary reaper?. The readers can always quickly finish reading each stanza of I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, the same way that the daffodils are ?fluttering and dancing in the breeze? sprightly. Similarly, when reading The Solitary Reaper, the readers cannot help but feel that the many lines of the poem are just like the much sadness that seems to last on and on. And it is difficult for the readers to get out of the sad feeling that the poet has set in the poem. The lengths of the stanzas alone are of great help i... ... varies more. This also contributes to the overall tone of the poem. When reading I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, the readers can easily grasp a sense of happiness, because the sentences, which are neatly written, are more music like and are pleasant to read. However, when reading The Solitary Reaper, with the varying of the lengths of the lines, the readers? feeling cannot help being ?varied? and become quite complicated. The length of each line also helps create the tone of the poems. To sum up, the tone of a poem is not simply connected with the meaning of each line, in other words, even though the readers don?t quite get the meaning of one poem, they can still know the tone of it. Because the basic elements, such as sound and stanza also play very important roles in the poem. Compared with the words of a poem, they are the muted messengers of the beauty of poem. William Wordswoth's I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud versus The Solitary Re I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud and The Solitary Reaper are both written by William Wordsworth and enjoy great popularity among the readers. When reading the two poems, the readers can feel that the tones of them are different. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud affects the readers with the happiness of the daffodils, while The Solitary Reaper transfers a sense of sadness. Apart from the language of the poems and the figures of speech used, the use of sound and stanza also contributes a lot to the creation of different tones. Firstly, the length of each stanza of the two poems has much to do with the creation of the tone. Shorter stanzas are easier to read compared with longer ones. And it is a suitable form to carry such tones as happy, light, and peaceful and so on. On the contrary, longer stanzas always appear denser, and the feelings conveyed are often heavy and sad. Thus, longer stanzas are fit for the expression of sad feelings. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud and The Solitary Reaper are two typical examples of this. The former has six lines in each stanza while the latter has eight. When the readers read the two poems, it is easy for them to grasp the happiness of the daffodils as well as the sadness that is conveyed by the ?solitary reaper?. The readers can always quickly finish reading each stanza of I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, the same way that the daffodils are ?fluttering and dancing in the breeze? sprightly. Similarly, when reading The Solitary Reaper, the readers cannot help but feel that the many lines of the poem are just like the much sadness that seems to last on and on. And it is difficult for the readers to get out of the sad feeling that the poet has set in the poem. The lengths of the stanzas alone are of great help i... ... varies more. This also contributes to the overall tone of the poem. When reading I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, the readers can easily grasp a sense of happiness, because the sentences, which are neatly written, are more music like and are pleasant to read. However, when reading The Solitary Reaper, with the varying of the lengths of the lines, the readers? feeling cannot help being ?varied? and become quite complicated. The length of each line also helps create the tone of the poems. To sum up, the tone of a poem is not simply connected with the meaning of each line, in other words, even though the readers don?t quite get the meaning of one poem, they can still know the tone of it. Because the basic elements, such as sound and stanza also play very important roles in the poem. Compared with the words of a poem, they are the muted messengers of the beauty of poem.

Big D :: Personal Narrative Disabilites Papers

Big D A couple weeks ago, exactly four days after Christmas, I woke up thinking about my uncle Dennis. I loved him very much, but I have never woken up thinking about him. After a few minutes, I realized that three years ago, exactly four days after Christmas, was the day he died. My uncle Dennis was an unforgettable man. He had sparkling blue eyes and a sweet smile. When he laughed everyone else in the room couldn't help but join him. That's not what made him unforgettable, though. Dennis was tall, around 380 pounds, and anoxic; he had brain damage. He never learned to cook, ride a bike, or properly operate an appliance. He required 24-hour a day care from the time he was born until the day he died at age 40. This is not an exaggeration. If Dennis was awake and no one was around to stop him, he consistently caused trouble. Forty years ago, fetal heart monitors were not routinely used in the labor room. Today, a heart monitor aids in the detection of problems such as a pinched umbilical cord, which what caused Dennis's brain damage at birth. Because the pinched cord was not detected, a cesarean section was not performed, and Dennis entered the world mentally retarded because not enough oxygen reached his brain during the birthing process. The small part of the world he entered was Milwaukee. My grandparents had a house which has since been torn down and replaced by projects. In the early fifties about 60% of the residents were black. A large portion of the rest were immigrants. My grandparents were from northern Wisconsin. My grandfather was then working as a boilermaker engineer in a tannery downtown. In addition to staying with Dennis, my grandmother stayed at home with my Uncle Mike, 3; my mother, 2; and my Uncle Tom, 1. Four more children would soon follow. The youngest, Patrick, had Downs' Syndrome. Eleven cousins lived just down the block. A house of prostitution was across the street. Saturday was laundry day. The three older children would eventually be hired as babysitters for Dennis. On Saturdays they would keep an eye on Dennis and play in the backyard while my grandmother did the week's wash. At the end of the day the three young nannies got to split a dime between them at the grocery store on the corner.

Othello – Act three scene three is one of the most important scenes in this play

Act three scene three is one of the most important scenes in this play; this is because it is the scene when we see Iago has successfully manipulated Othello into believing that Desdemona has not been faithful to him, this is very significant to the rest of the play as it affects everything Othello the main character thinks, feels and says from this point onwards. At the start we see a noble character, who by the end of the scene is left on his knees swearing revenge on his wife. Act three scene three is also the longest scene in the play, which reflects its importance because so much develops and evolves throughout this period. During act three scene three we can actually begin to see the importance of the scene to the rest of the play, as the plot really starts to move forward, this is once Iago has planted his seeds of suspicion in Othello's mind and starts to water them so that the suspicion will grow. This is a significant development in the play as we see Iago put the plans he spoke of in earlier soliloquies and asides into action. In act three scene three just as Cassio hurriedly leaves the room Iago says â€Å"Ha! I like not that† this is said to arose suspicion in Othello's mind as once this has been said Iago leaves Othello to ponder the various diabolical meanings provided within this short statement, which makes him quite agitated and irritable. At the end of the scene we also see a completely transformed Othello who uses vulgar language and crude animal imagery such as â€Å"I had rather be a toad and live upon the vapour of a dungeon. Than keep a corner in the thing I love for others uses. This is a clear influence of Iago upon Othello who know seems more violent. Towards the end of the scene the decided plan of action will be for Othello to kill both Cassio and Desdemona, we know this as he says, â€Å"I will withdraw to furnish me with some swift means of death for the fair devil. † This is linked to the rest of the play because we can see Iago's plan is starting to work, and that he has manipulated Othello enough to make him think Desdemona is unfaithful so much so he now wants to kill her, this shows a complete transformation in Othello's character. The scene is also important as it reveals the true extent of Iago's devilish nature and how he goes about putting it to use by manipulating Othello in way the audience would not have thought possible, he manages to tear Othello and Desdemona's seemingly strong relationship up within a relatively short period of time, although we have already seen this side of Iago before when he shouts to Barbantio in act one scene one â€Å"an old black ram is tupping your white yew. This reveals part of his racist crude ways as well as showing us how deceitful he truly is in as much as he is pretending Roderigo is saying these things, he also reveals the marriage of Othello and Desdemona to Barbantio behind their backs. By doing this early on the audience are immediately aware of Iago's deceitful nature. The quote also reveals Iago's racist ways and what he thinks of moors and non-Venetians. These comments he makes would shock a twenty first century audience, as we live in a multi cultural society and everybody should be treated equally within it, however a Elizabethan audience would not of been shocked due to the fact they thought black men were sexually charged predators as shown in many of the quotes. Other signs that Iago is a skilled manipulator is the way he persuades Othello of Desdemona's infidelity, he uses various techniques to do this, for a start he appears to let on more than he really knows, this makes Othello want to feed his suspicion. There are also points when fate plays a part in the proceedings such as when Iago receives a particular handkerchief, which was Othello's first gift to Desdemona, he then tells Othello that Cassio dropped it, this is the proof Othello requested. Iago then went on to make up a dream he said Cassio had of Desdemona in which Cassio started saying, â€Å"sweet Desdemona, let us be wary, let us hide our loves,† this completely enraged Othello, whilst Iago appeared to be getting a kick out of everything that was going on. He is also quick to point out Othello's cultural differences in an attempt to make him feel insecure and like an outsider this is revealed in the quote â€Å"They dare not show their husbands; their best conscience. † By saying this he is telling Othello that Venetian women are loose and that he does not know what they are like, as he is an outsider. Religious references are used a plenty during this scene an example is when Othello uses such phrases as â€Å"death and damnation† and â€Å"heavan and hell† it is a very important theme in the play. The fact people were very religious in the sixteenth century is very important as it appears Iago has no concern for his soul, he has no sense of shame or remorse which is quite a chilling thought. The reason this scene is so important is the complete transformation of Othello the main character from a dignified figure to a jealous rage, we can see how successful Iago was here as earlier we saw how noble and calm Othello was when confronted by Barbantio and he told him to put his sword away now at the end of act three scene three Othello has become extremely violent and less confident in his relationship with Desdemona. We are also able to see how Shakespearian tragedies work, clearly the hero moves from a state of happiness to misery and eventual death through some fault or weakness of their own in Othello's case his tragic weakness or flaw, can be linked to the theme of jealousy and honesty within the play, he is easily made to jump to conclusions through thoughts of jealousy when it comes to Desdemona's infidelity, he is also too open and trusting towards certain characters like Iago who take advantage. By the end of the scene Othello has been completely enraged and his stature and reputation turn for the worst seen mainly through his language, which was once poetic like, Othello's language was controlled and he was able to enthral an audience as he did with the duke when explaining his courtship with Desdemona. Towards the end he is left cursing using imagery of hell such as â€Å"death and damnation† which are clear influences of Iago. The point we see Othello has completely given up and lost faith in Desdemona is when he says â€Å"farewell tranquil mind† which is a clear indication of how he feels completely distraught. To make this scene stand out among the rest Shakespeare has been very clever with his dramatic devices and his use of them in particular the way people enter and exit, for example when Cassio exits hurriedly leaving Desdemona, which causes Othello to wonder why he left so hastily. There is also the matter of timing and when characters speak which causes an awful amount of dramatic intensity, as mentioned earlier the length of the scene is very significant to the rest of the play because it allows time enough for Iago to put his plan into action and to work Othello's trust. When talking about dramatic devices we must also mention the very important part of soliloquies and asides in which a character reveals their inner most thoughts and feelings, which leads to dramatic irony as the audience are already aware of plans and actions to be undertaken. In conclusion the fact that so much significant and crucial parts take place in act three scene three prove that it is very important to the rest of the play, as it really starts to develop the plot and themes we have seen growing throughout earlier scenes. It is especially important because of the fact we see such a tremendous change in Othello.

Belonging Definition Essay

When an individual’s beliefs or values are contradicted by that of their society, they must make a choice as to whether belonging to themselves or to the group is more important. Miller explores the reactions of many characters to this dilemma, in particular Reverend Hale. Initially Hale is strongly respected and connected to the town, being described as â€Å"an expert†. He uses the metaphor of â€Å"Theology sir, is a fortress; no crack in a fortress can be accounted small†, to indicate his strong belief in the value of a theocratic society. Hale struggles to come to terms with the failings of this system as indicated by the juxtaposition of Miller’s stage direction â€Å"Hale in a fever of guilt and uncertainty† with his words â€Å"Proctor, the court is just†. This demonstrates that he was not able to instantly relinquish his connection to the Salem community, despite the moral ramifications. He loses all sense of self-respect as he encou rages Proctor to â€Å"give his lie†, which directly contradicts one of the Ten Commandments reiterated throughout the play â€Å"Thou shalt not bear false witness†. The disintegration of both Hale’s connection to the community and to God is clearly demonstrated by the contrast of Hale’s joyful analogy of his former self â€Å"I came into this village like a bridegroom to his beloved, bearing gifts of high religion†, with his new perception of his role, â€Å"I come to do the Devil’s work.† Thus by examining the character of Reverend Hale one can see how the value an individual places on being respected and connected to others and how this affects their integrity and perception of self. Whilst The Crucible presents an extreme contradiction between the values of the individual and their society, Woolf’s novel explores the relationship between the two in a less polarised way. The title character, Clarissa Dalloway, is depicted as a British socialite preparing to â€Å"throw yet another party†. Her husband Richard’s comment that â€Å"she did it genuinely; it was a natural instinct† is l ater contrasted with her comment that â€Å"Every time she gave a party she had this feeling of being something not herself†. The novel is permeated by her questioning whether this socially acceptable lifestyle was worth the lack of fulfilment and identity associated with it. This is demonstrated by her choice to marry the upper class, yet impassionate, Richard instead of consummating her relationship with Peter. However there were both social and personal reasons for this choice, as Peter â€Å"wished to know everything†, which was more than she was willing to give. Thus whilst her identity is subjugated by her husband, â€Å"This being Mrs Dalloway, not even Clarissa anymore; this being Mrs Richard Dalloway†, she does not have to share too much of herself, â€Å"she alone knew†. However, it is this choice to be connected superficially to many but deeply to none that leaves her feeling â€Å"far out, out to sea†. Thus whilst Clarissa’s choice allows her to belong to her society, ultimately it comes at the cost of a deeper personal connection. For some individuals, the dem ands of being part of a society are too great, as they place higher value upon their integrity than upon being accepted. This is the case with The Crucible’s protagonist, John Proctor, as refuses to conform to the corrupt theocracy of Salem. His perspective is emphasised by his ironic comment that he rarely attends Church – the core element of the Puritan society – because Reverend Parris â€Å"hardly ever mention[s] God anymore†. This is a choice which instantly isolates him from the community. Though he initially chooses to avoid becoming involved in the witch hunts, once the level of persecution becomes clear he swears to â€Å"fall like an ocean upon the court†. In an attempt to end the chaos he even confesses his lechery, â€Å"I have known her†, which he knew would instantly isolate him from the townspeople. Though he is by no means an unflawed man, he is depicted by Miller as having a higher moral standard, â€Å"he is a sinner†¦but against his own vision of decent conduct†. This is emphasised by his self-deprecation â€Å"I cannot mount the gibbet like a saint; I am not that man†, however he eventually comes to understand that his defiance showed courage and integrity and is able to â€Å"see some shred of goodness in John Proctor†. Thus through examining Proctor’s relationship with his society, one can see that when one rejects their society in favour of their personal values, their connection to others may be weakened, but they will retain a stronger sense of belonging to self. [Insert summary of points and conclusion here]. Thus, as Fleishman stated, it is the â€Å"dialectic of individuation and communion† that presents the ultimate challenge to belonging.